Cauliflower: Snowball Y Improved (Heirloom) (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

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In spite of Mark Twain's opinion that cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education, this vegetable enjoyed extreme popularity in the palaces of French royalty such as Louis XIV. Its origin is thought to be Cyprus, though records also show its presence in Arab, Mediterranean, and African countries and the Roman Empire. By the 17th century, cauliflower had reached England; Italian immigrants were the first to appreciate its culinary qualities and bring it to America, where it soon grew in nearly every family and commercial garden.

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General Information
Soil Preparation & Start Indoors
Transplant Outdoors & Start Outdoors
Crop Care
Harvesting & Storage
Seed Saving
Culinary
Companion Planting
Nutrition & Health Benefits
Other Uses

Scientific Name: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

Also Known As: Snowball Improved

Grown as: Cauliflower is a biennial plant but it is grown as an annual. For seed production it is biennial.

Maturity: 65 days

Hardiness: Half Hardy, Cauliflower is somewhat hardy and thrives in mild, moist weather. It is an ideal fall crop in most climates.

Crops: Spring Transplant, Spring

Growing Season: Long

Growing Conditions: Cool

Outdoor Growing Temp: 45°F - 75°F

Min Outdoor Soil Temp: 60°F. Seedlings shouldn't go outside until the soil is at least 60°F.

Start Indoors: Yes

Start Outdoors: Yes

Light: Sun: min. 6 hours daily (Cool) Cauliflower grows in the cooler part of the year so needs full sun.

Water: Medium. Cauliflower absolutely must have constant moisture for good growth.

Feeder: Heavy. Like most Brassicas cauliflower is a fairly hungry crop and must have plenty of available nutrients for good growth.

Suitability: Tolerates light frost, Needs summer shade, Needs lots of space

Small Gardens?: No

Containers?: Yes. For one cauliflower plant, you'll need a pot that is at least 8" deep and 20" wide. Fill with a mixture of potting soil and compost and keep the soil moist but not overly wet. If you are using a larger container, be sure to space your cauliflower plants at least 18 to 24" apart. Although cauliflower is a cool weather plant, it loves sunshine so be sure to place the container in an area with access to at least 3 hours of full sun a day.

Attracts beneficial insects?: No

Forage: Rabbits. Safe in Moderation!

Maintenance: Medium

Height: 12-18"

Sowing Depth: 1/2"

Spacing: 18-24"

Produces: Curds reach 6-7" in diameter.

USDA Hardiness Zone: 2-11

Garden Uses: Vegetable gardens.

Soil Preparation

Soil Preference
Soil pH: 6.0-7.0, Ideal 6.5-6.8. Cauliflower must have rapid and uninterrupted growth if it is to perform well. It isn't particular as to what type of soil it grows in, so long as the soil is fertile and moisture retentive with lots of organic matter. It is sensitive to a deficiency of micronutrients, especially molybdenum and boron. It doesn't like salt.

Soil Preparation
Compost (Nitrogen), 2", in top 6" of soil, 1 time: Prepare the soil by digging deeply and incorporating 2˝ of compost or aged manure. Alternatively, you could add fresh manure the previous fall. It does well if planted 2 weeks after incorporating a winter cover crop.

Standard Mix, 5 pounds per 100 sq. ft., before sowing, 1 time: Standard Mix will supply additional nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. Incorporate it into the top 6" of soil along with the compost. This is a mix of various amendments intended to supply all of the nutrients plants may require. It is usually incorporated into the soil prior to planting. The mix consists of:

4 parts cottonseed meal (this is high in nitrogen and relatively inexpensive)
2 parts colloidal phosphate or bone meal (for phosphorus)
2 parts wood ash or 3 parts greensand or granite dust (for potassium)
1 part dolomitic limestone (to balance pH and add calcium and magnesium)
1 part kelp meal (for trace elements)
Mix these together thoroughly. You can do this all at once, or you can store them separately and mix as needed.

Lime (Calcium), 0.5 pounds per 100 sq. ft., before sowing, 1 time: Cauliflower is one of the crops that is most susceptible to boron deficiency (which can be caused by acid soil). If your soil is too acidic then add lime as necessary (preferably dolomitic lime, as this supplies useful magnesium as well as calcium).

Start Indoors

Seed sowing depth: 0.25" to 0.5" Sow the seeds 1/4" to 1/2" deep, with 2 to 3 seeds in each station. Thin for best performance once when the plants are up and growing.

Soil temp for germination: 45°F to 85°F, optimal 55°F to 85°F, optimal 77°F

Total weeks to grow transplant: 9 to 12 (Spring/Summer), 11 to 12 (Fall/Winter)

Germinate: 6 weeks before last frost date.

Harden off: on last frost date. Allow your Cauliflower to adapt to it's new outdoor temperatures. Transplanting will shock your plant, but transplanting WHILE moving it from indoors to out gives you a much higher chance of killing the seedling.

Transplant Outdoors

0-2 weeks after last frost date: Transplants should have no more than 4 or 5 true leaves, as larger plants don’t transplant well and may be vernalized by a cold spell. It needs to be planted fairly early because it needs a long period of cool weather to mature. If the weather is very cold when planting, you should protect the plants with cloches or cold frames until it warms up. It is vital that growth is uninterrupted by transplanting, as this can be enough to make it bolt. You might need to put on cutworm collars or Cabbage Worm disks. You should also provide shade if it gets hot and protect it from late frosts.

Cool: Cauliflower prefers nearly neutral soils rich in organic matter. Water moderately and evenly. Cauliflower can be sensitive to boron deficiencies. Lime the soil to a pH of 7.0 or higher in areas with clubroot problems.To ensure plump heads, time indoor sowing so that plants are no more than 5 weeks old at transplant time. Sow outdoors when soil temperatures are at least 60 degrees F. While cauliflower requires growing conditions similar to broccoli and cabbage, it can be more difficult to grow. Any interruption in growth due to under-watering or under-fertilization can cause the plant to prematurely set a small, unusable head. Cauliflower needs quite a lot of space, which rules it out of many small gardens. It grows in the coolest parts of the year, so also needs full sun.

When outdoor temp: 45°F to 75°F, optimal temp 60°F to 65°F

When min soil temp: 60°F. Seedlings shouldn't go outside until the soil is at least 60°F.

Spacing: 18-24", (1 per 2'x2') plants per sq ft. pacing has an effect upon the final size of the head. 15" in very good soil, 18" in average soil, and 24" in poor soil. We recommend the square foot gardening method which requires 24" per plant.

Start Outdoors

When Cool: Cauliflower prefers nearly neutral soils rich in organic matter. Water moderately and evenly. Cauliflower can be sensitive to boron deficiencies. Lime the soil to a pH of 7.0 or higher in areas with clubroot problems. To ensure plump heads, time indoor sowing so that plants are no more than 5 weeks old at transplant time. Sow outdoors when soil temperatures are at least 60 degrees F. While cauliflower requires growing conditions similar to broccoli and cabbage, it can be more difficult to grow. Any interruption in growth due to under-watering or under-fertilization can cause the plant to prematurely set a small, unusable head. Cauliflower needs quite a lot of space, which rules it out of many small gardens. It grows in the coolest parts of the year, so also needs full sun.

When outdoor temp: 45°F to 75°F, optimal temp 60°F to 65°F

When min soil temp: 60°F. Seedlings shouldn't go outside until the soil is at least 60°F.

Seed Depth: 0.25"-0.5". Sow the seeds 1/4" to 1/2" deep, with 2 to 3 seeds in each station. Thin for best performance once when the plants are up and growing.

Spacing: 18-24", (1 per 2'x2') plants per sq ft. Spacing has an effect upon the final size of the head. 15" in very good soil, 18" in average soil, and 24" in poor soil. We recommend the square foot gardening method which requires 24" per plant.

Spring Crop: 2-3 weeks before last frost date. Cauliflower can also be direct sown and in some cases these plants have been known to mature faster than transplants. However, this is only practical in climates that provide that ideal long cool growing season. Plant twice as many seeds as you need plants, at a depth of ½˝.Thin to the required spacing when the plants have their first set of true leaves.

Crop Care: Cauliflower must have everything it needs for fast, uninterrupted growth without any checks, otherwise it may bolt prematurely.

Water Needs: High. Cauliflower absolutely must have constant moisture for good growth. Watering, regularly. Water, 0.5 gallon per plant, regularly, 1 time a week. Cauliflower needs constant moisture, so it’s important to keep the soil moist at all times (lack of water can cause bolting). The most critical watering time is when the head is developing; don’t let it get water stressed at this time. Watering also depends on your local weather; don't water if it's raining, or water more frequently if it's dry. Just be sure to keep soil moist for the best crop. The best way to know how much moisture is in your soil is to feel 2" below the soil line. If it's dry, water. Watering, regularly. Water, 1 gallon per plant, regularly, 1 time a week Cauliflower needs constant moisture, so it’s important to keep the soil moist at all times (lack of water can cause bolting). The most critical watering time is when the head is developing; don’t let it get water stressed at this time. Watering also depends on your local weather; don't water if it's raining, or water more frequently if it's dry. Just be sure to keep soil moist for the best crop. The best way to know how much moisture is in your soil is to feel 2" below the soil line. If it's dry, water.

Fertilizer Needs: Heavy. Like most Brassicas cauliflower is a fairly hungry crop and must have plenty of available nutrients for good growth. Once the plants are established and growing well, feed them with a foliar feed of compost tea. Feed them again just before they start to head up. Cauliflower is one of the crops that is most susceptible to boron deficiency (which can be caused by acid soil).

Side Dressing, after planting: Compost tea, 5 gallons per 100 sq. ft., after planting, 1 time. After the plants are established and growing well, feed them with a foliar fertilizer of compost tea.

Side Dressing, at flowering: Compost tea, 5 gallons per 100 sq. ft., at flowering, 1 time. Feed the plants with a foliar fertilizer of compost tea just before they start to head up. Cauliflower is one of the crops that is most susceptible to boron deficiency (which can be caused by acid soil).

Try to plant in a location that enjoys full sun and remember to water moderately. Keep in mind when planting that Purple of Sicily is thought of as hardy, so this plant will survive close to or on freezing temperatures. Ensure your soil has a pH of between 6.5 and 7.0 as Purple of Sicily is a weakly acidic soil - neutral soil loving plant.

Growing Cauliflower from seed: Try to aim for a seed spacing of at least 3.12 inches and sow at a depth of around 0.58 inches. Soil temperature should be kept higher than 24°C / 75°F to ensure good germination.By our calculations, you should look at sowing Purple of Sicily about 14 days before your last frost date.

Transplanting Cauliflower: Ensure that temperatures are mild and all chance of frost has passed before planting out, as Purple of Sicily is a hardy plant.

Harvesting

Ripening: Look for full heads with smooth curds.

When and How: Whole Fruit, 1-14 days after maturity

When: The optimal time to harvest Cauliflower is when the head has reached full size (6" to 8˝), but while it’s still tight and firm. They are good later than this though and may be used until the flower clusters turn yellowish (rather than white) and start to separate (they are said to get ricey). In warm weather the plants don’t stay in optimal condition for very long, in which case it’s better to start harvesting a little too early, rather than too late.

How: Cut off the entire head with a knife. If you aren’t going to use it immediately, leave some leaves on to protect it in storage.

Storage

Storage: You can freeze cauliflower if you want to keep it for longer.

Storage Req: Freezer
Storage Temp: 32°F
Storage Length: 1 days

Cauliflower will stay in good condition for several weeks if stored in the refrigerator.

Storage Req: Refrigerator
Storage Temp: 35-40°F
Storage Length: 1-14 days

The process is much the same as for broccoli. Cauliflower will cross with cabbage, kale and any other Brassicas. This could have interesting results, but it's probably not what you want. To keep the seed pure, it must be the only variety of any Brassica oleracea species growing within a mile. Otherwise it is fairly easy to save the seed. To maintain some genetic variability, you should save seed from at least 6 plants. Take seed from the best slow-bolting plants.Be aware that the curds of cauliflower are not flower buds, like those of broccoli, but mostly only fleshy receptacles that won't develop into flowers. In fact, flower development in
cauliflower can be very erratic.

Seed Viability in Years: 5-10 years
Germination Percentage: 75%

Taste:
Tender, sweet flesh with a delicate and delicious flavor.

Culinary Use:
Cauliflower can be prepared cooked or raw. Cooking includes stir-fry, steamed, sauteed, roasted, or baked. When prepared raw it is mostly used as an accent to salads or for dipping. When cooking, the heads can remain whole or can be divided into smaller sections. Cauliflower is best when served immediately after cooking.

Immature flowering head: raw or cooked. A mild cabbage-like flavor, they make an excellent cooked vegetable and are also very acceptable in salads. By careful selection of cultivars, it is possible to produce flowering heads all year round.

Leaves: cooked. A mild cabbage flavor, they make a good cooked vegetable. Do not over-harvest them, however, since this would adversely affect the production of the flowering head.

Allies: Aromatic plants, including pennyroyal, peppermint, sage, southernwood, and thyme, are also said to have a beneficial effect. Some companion gardeners believe that these plants, as well as tomatoes, may also repel pests. However, the mustard oil in cabbage family crops is so pungent that not even powerfully scented herbs can disguise it entirely.

Companions: In rich soil, interplant cauliflower within the row with other plants of the cabbage family, such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts. In average soil, plant cauliflower with light feeders like sage and thyme.

Enemies: Many companion gardeners believe that cauliflower inhibits the growth of grapes.

Problems

Can be difficult to grow well in large part because it has little tolerance for heat, drought and cold. Potential insect problems include cabbageworms, cabbage loopers, flea beetles, caterpillars, thrips, slugs and aphids. Root maggots may be a problem in some areas. Watch for leaf spots, blackleg, black rot and yellows.

Cabbageworms

Beneficial insects such as Braconid Wasps, Birds, Damsel Bugs, Tachinid Flies, and Yellow Jacket Wasps all prey on Cabbageworms.

Braconid Wasps: Prey on Tobacco Hornworm, Tomato Hornworm, Caterpillars, Aphids, Flea Beetles, and Mexican Bean Beetles.

To attract Braconid Wasps to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Dill, Lemon Balm, and Parsley.

Damsel Bugs: Prey on Caterpillars, Mites, Aphids, Potato Beetles, and Cabbage Worms.

To attract Damsel Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Tachinid Flies: Prey on Cabbageworms, Gypsy Moths, Japanese Beetles, Mexican Bean Beetle, Cutworms, and Squash Bugs.

To attract Tachinid Flies to your garden you will need to grow: carrots, dill, coriander, and buckwheat.

Yellow Jacket Wasps: Although hornets, paper wasps and yellow jackets are often considered a nuisance, they are predators of soft-bodied insects. They do not typically sting humans unless they are disturbed. If their nests are not in an area likely to be disturbed by people then it is not a bad idea to leave them alone.

Cabbage Loopers

Beneficial insects such as Ladybugs, Minute Pirate Bugs, and Spiders all prey on Cabbage Loopers.

Ladybug: Preys on Aphids, Cabbage loopers, Leafhoppers, Whitefly, Spider mites, Fleas, Mealybug, and Colorado potato beetles.

To attract Ladybugs to your garden you will need to grow: Angelica, Calendula, Caraway, Chives, Cilantro, Cosmos, Dill, Fennel, Feverfew, Marigold, Statice, Sweet Alyssum, and Yarrow. You may also want to grow decoy crops to keep your ladybugs supplied with aphids to eat such as Early cabbage, Marigold, Nasturtium, and Radish. Without a food source, your ladybugs will be forced to leave which will leave your crops vulnerable.

Minute Pirate Bugs: Preys on spider mites, cabbage looper, insect eggs, caterpillars, aphids, thrips

To attract Minute Pirate Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Spiders: Prey on a wide range including bed bugs, aphids, roaches, grasshoppers, cabbage looper, and fruit flies.

To attract Spiders to your garden you will need to grow: tall plants for weaving spiders, mulch for predatory spiders.

Flea Beetles

Beneficial insects such as Braconid wasps, Tachinid flies, Lacewings larvae, Damsel bugs, and Big Eyed Bug all prey on Flea Beetles.

Braconid Wasps: Prey on Tobacco Hornworm, Tomato Hornworm, Caterpillars, Aphids, Flea Beetles, and Mexican Bean Beetles.

To attract Braconid Wasps to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Dill, Lemon Balm, and Parsley.

Tachinid Flies: Preys on Gypsy Moths, Flea Beetles, Japanese Beetles, Mexican Bean Beetles, Cutworms, and Squash Bugs.

To attract Tachinid Flies to your garden you will need to grow: Carrots, Dill, Coriander, and Buckwheat.

Green Lacewings: Preys on Aphids, Flea beetles, Whitefly, Leafhopper, Mealybugs, and Caterpillars of pest moths.

To attract Green Lacewings to your garden you will need to grow: Dill, Angelica, Golden Marguerite, Coriander, and Dandelion.

Damsel Bugs: Preys on Caterpillars, Mites, Aphids, Flea beetles, Potato beetles, and Cabbage worms.

To attract Damsel Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Big-eyed Bugs: Preys on Aphids, small Caterpillars and Caterpillar eggs, Flea beetles, Fleahoppers, Lygus bugs, Mites, Thrips, Whiteflies.

To attract Big-Eyed Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Caterpillars

Beneficial insects such as Assassin Bugs, Big Eyed Bugs, Braconid Wasps, Damsel Bugs, Ground Beetles, Hoverflies, Lacewings, Minute Pirate Bugs, and Preying Mantis all prey on Caterpillars.

Assassin Bugs: Preys on Aphids, leafhoppers, asparagus beetle eggs and larvae, small flying insects, and up to medium-sized caterpillars.

To attract Assassin Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Most garden plants, field crops, ornamental trees and shrubs. Spined assassin bugs are often found on goldenrod and other wildflowers.

Big-eyed Bugs: Big-eyed bugs are small (~3/16 inch long), fast moving true bugs. They are generalist predators and are most commonly seen on the ground or in shorter growing plants. They prey on aphids, small caterpillars and caterpillar eggs, fleahoppers, lygus bugs, mites, thrips, whiteflies. They are distinguished by their very large eyes which are as broad as the width of their body. Big-eyed bugs are not available commercially.

To attract Big-eyed bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Braconid Wasps: prey on Tobacco Hornworm, Tomato Hornworm, Caterpillars, Aphids, Flea Beetles, and Mexican Bean Beetles.

To attract Braconid Wasps to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Dill, Lemon Balm, and Parsley.

Damsel Bugs: These true bugs are very common and abundant in farms, gardens and landscapes. They are generalist predators and both the adults and nymphs eat aphids, caterpillar eggs, small larvae, fleahoppers, lygus bugs, leafhoppers, treehoppers, spider mites, and other soft-bodied insects, especially on shorter growing plants. They are common in agricultural habitats, such as soybean, corn, and alfalfa. Damsel bugs are greyish brown in color and have grasping front legs. They are not commercially available.

To attract Damsel Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Ground Beetles: Prey on Snails, Slugs, Ants, Maggots, Earthworms, Caterpillars, Armyworms, Grubs, Colorado potato beetles, and Cutworms.

To attract Ground Beetles to your garden you will need to grow: evening primrose, amaranthus, and clover.

Hoverflies: Prey on aphids, scale insects, caterpillars, and Thrips.

To attract Hoverflies to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf yarrow (Achillea ﬁlipendulina), Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), Lavender globe lily (Allium tanguticum), Basket of Gold (Alyssum saxatilis), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Golden Marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria), Dwarf alpine aster (Aster alpinus), Masterwort (Astrantia major), Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), Caraway (Carum carvi), Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cosmos white sensation (Cosmos bipinnatus), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota), Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum CA), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Poached egg plant (Limnanthes douglasii), Statice (Limonium latifolium), Butter and eggs (Linaria vulgaris), Edging lobelia (Lobelia erinus), Sweet alyssum white (Lobularia maritima), Lemon Balm (Melissa ofﬁcinalis), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Wild Bergamot (Monarda ﬁstulosa), Rocky Mountain penstemon (Penstemon strictus), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta ‘warrenii’), Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla villosa), Gloriosa daisy (Rudbeckia fulgida), Orange stonecrop (Sedum kamtschaticum), Stonecrops (Sedum spurium), Peter Pan goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), Wood betony (Stachys ofﬁcinalis), Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia), Crimson thyme (Thymus serpylum coccineus), Spike speedwell (Veronica spicata), Zinnia "liliput" (Zinnia elegans).

Lacewings: Green lacewings are common generalist predators that feed on aphids. Brown lacewings are slightly smaller. Some species of adult lacewings are predaceous while the larvae are very active predators that feed on soft-bodied prey such as mites, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies, and pest eggs. Lacewings in nearly all life stages are commercially available.

To attract Lacewings to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf yarrow (Achillea ﬁlipendulina), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Angelica (Angelica gigas), Golden marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria), Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), Caraway (Carum carvi), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cosmos white sensation (Cosmos bipinnatus), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Prairie sunﬂower (Helianthus maximilianii), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Dandelion (Taraxacum ofﬁcinale).

Minute Pirate Bugs: Minute pirate bugs are very small (~1/12 inch long) predators that are difficult to see without a hand lens or jeweler’s loupe. They are generalist predators that feed on small insect prey. Both the nymphs and adults are predaceous. The adults are identified by the black and white color and an X pattern across the back. The nymphs are tiny and red to orange in color. Minute pirate bugs are commercially available.

To attract Minute Pirate Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi),
Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Praying Mantis: Preys on a wide range including caterpillars, moths, beetles, and crickets.

To attract Praying Mantis to your garden you will need to grow: tall grasses and shrubs, cosmos, marigolds, and dills.

Thrips

Beneficial insects such as Big-eyed Bugs, Hoverflies, and Minute Pirate Bugs all prey on Thrips.

Big-eyed Bugs: Prey on Aphids, small caterpillars and caterpillar eggs, fleahoppers, lygus bugs, mites, thrips, whiteflies.

To attract Big-eyed Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Hoverflies: Preys on Aphids, Scale insects, Caterpillars, and Thrips.

To attract Hoverflies to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf yarrow (Achillea ﬁlipendulina), Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), Lavender globe lily (Allium tanguticum), Basket of Gold (Alyssum saxatilis), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Golden Marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria), Dwarf alpine aster (Aster alpinus), Masterwort (Astrantia major), Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), Caraway (Carum carvi), Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cosmos white sensation (Cosmos bipinnatus), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota), Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum CA), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Poached egg plant (Limnanthes douglasii), Statice (Limonium latifolium), Butter and eggs (Linaria vulgaris), Edging lobelia (Lobelia erinus), Sweet alyssum white (Lobularia maritima), Lemon Balm (Melissa ofﬁcinalis), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Wild Bergamot (Monarda ﬁstulosa), Rocky Mountain penstemon (Penstemon strictus), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta ‘warrenii’), Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla villosa), Gloriosa daisy (Rudbeckia fulgida), Orange stonecrop (Sedum kamtschaticum), Stonecrops (Sedum spurium), Peter Pan goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), Wood betony (Stachys ofﬁcinalis), Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia), Crimson thyme (Thymus serpylum coccineus), Spike speedwell (Veronica spicata), Zinnia "liliput" (Zinnia elegans).

Minute Pirate Bugs: Prey on Spider Mites, Cabbage Looper, Insect Eggs, Caterpillars, Aphids, and Thrips.

To attract Minute Pirate Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Plants that attract Minute Pirate Bugs are: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Slugs

Beneficial insects such as earwigs and ground beetles prey on Slugs.

Earwig: prey on Slugs and Snails.

To attract Earwigs to your garden you will need to grow: Celery (Apium graveolens), Beets (Beta vulgaris, Cabbages, Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea/Brassica rapa), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Dahlia, Carrot (Daucus carota), Carnation (Dianthus), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), Hop (Humulus lupulus), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), Apple (Malus domestica), Apricot (Prunus armeniaca), Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), Plum (Prunus domestica), Peach (Prunus persica), European Pear (Pyrus communis), Rhubarb (Rheum hybridum), Roses (Rosa), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), Corn (Zea mays), Zinnia.

Ground Beetles: Prey on Snails, Slugs, Ants, Maggots, Earthworms, Caterpillars, Armyworms, Grubs, Colorado Potato Beetles, and Cutworms.

To attract Ground Beetles to your garden you will need to grow: Evening Primrose, Amaranthus, and Clover.

Aphids

Beneficial insects such as Ladybugs, Collops Beetle, Soldier Beetles, Long-legged Flies, Hover Flies, Predaceous Midges, Damsel Bugs, Big-eyed Bugs, Minute Pirate Bugs, Lacewings, Parasitic Wasps,
Hornets, Paper Wasps, and Yellow Jackets all prey on aphids.

Ladybeetles, Ladybugs, or Ladybird Beetles: Ladybeetles are probably the most well-known of beetles that eat aphids. There are many species, and both the adults and larvae eat aphids. Convergent lady beetles and the seven-spotted ladybeetles are abundant species in the environment. Eggs are found in clutches, yellow and football shaped. Larvae have an alligator-like appearance, and are black with orange markings. Pupae are sedentary. Ladybeetles are commercially available but purchasing is not generally recommended since the adult stage tends to fly away once released. Introductions may be more effective in greenhouses and high tunnels. Diverse plantings can help recruit resident ladybeetles to an area.

To attract Ladybugs to your garden you will need to grow: Angelica, Calendula, Caraway, Chives, Cilantro, Cosmos, Dill, Fennel, Feverfew, Marigold, Statice, Sweet Alyssum, and Yarrow. You may also want to grow decoy crops to keep your ladybugs supplied with aphids to eat such as Early cabbage, Marigold, Nasturtium, and Radish. Without a food source, your ladybugs will be forced to leave which will leave your crops vulnerable.

Soft-winged Flower Beetle or Collops Beetle: Collops beetles are commonly found on Alfalfa and Cotton plants in agricultural fields, landscapes and gardens. The adult eats aphids and the larvae are active predators in the soil. Two abundant species in Utah are the two-spotted melyrid and the soft-winged flower beetle. Collops beetles are not commercially available.

Soldier Beetles: The adult stage of the soldier beetle eats aphids. The larvae live in the soil and help to control soil-borne pests. There are beetles that look similar to soldier beetles such as blister beetles and click beetles, so use care when identifying them. Soldier beetles are not commercially available.

Since Soldiers Beetles lay their eggs in the soil, all you have to do to is grow good nectar or pollen producing plants like Asclepias (milkweed), Solidago (goldenrod), and, while it’s not well understood, they seem particularly attracted to hydrangeas. Soldier Beetles can be found on flowers where they lie and wait for prey. They also feed on nectar and pollen but do not damage the plants.

Long-legged Flies: There are many species of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae), the adults of which are predators of soft-bodied pests such as thrips, aphids, spider mites, flea hoppers, booklice, flies, silverfish, small caterpillars, and a variety of other small insects. They also eat nectar from flowers. The adult is recognized by the long legs and tapered abdomen but also by the metalic green or blue color. Larvae of long-legged flies are maggot-like in appearance and develop in wet or dry soil, rotting vegetation, or under bark. They are not commercially available.

Syrphid, Flower, or Hover Flies: Syrphid flies are about the size of house flies and hover in flight. The adults, which sometimes resemble bees, are not predaceous, but the larvae are aphid predators. The larvae vary in color from green to brown, some with a stripe or two down the back. The body tapers to the mouthparts. Syrphid flies are not commercially available.

To attract Hover Flies to your garden try growing: Fern-leaf yarrow (Achillea ﬁlipendulina),
Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), Lavender globe lily (Allium tanguticum), Basket of Gold (Alyssum saxatilis), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Golden Marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria), Dwarf alpine aster (Aster alpinus), Masterwort (Astrantia major), \Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), Caraway (Carum carvi), Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cosmos white sensation (Cosmos bipinnatus), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota), Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum CA), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Poached egg plant (Limnanthes douglasii), Statice (Limonium latifolium), Butter and eggs (Linaria vulgaris),
Edging lobelia (Lobelia erinus), Sweet alyssum white (Lobularia maritima), Lemon Balm (Melissa ofﬁcinalis), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Wild Bergamot (Monarda ﬁstulosa), Rocky Mountain penstemon (Penstemon strictus), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta ‘warrenii’), Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla villosa), Gloriosa daisy (Rudbeckia fulgida), Orange stonecrop (Sedum kamtschaticum), Stonecrops (Sedum spurium), Peter Pan goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), Wood betony (Stachys ofﬁcinalis), Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia), Crimson thyme (Thymus serpylum coccineus), Spike speedwell (Veronica spicata), Zinnia "liliput" (Zinnia elegans).

Predaceous Midges: The larvae of these flies are very small (~1/10 inch long), but are generalist predators of mites, aphids and other soft-bodied insects. The larvae are yellow to orange in color. The adults are not predatory. Predaceous midges are commercially available.

Damsel Bugs: These true bugs are very common and abundant in farms, gardens and landscapes. They are generalist predators and both the adults and nymphs eat aphids, caterpillar eggs, small larvae, fleahoppers, lygus bugs, leafhoppers, treehoppers, spider mites, and other soft-bodied insects, especially on shorter growing plants. They are common in agricultural habitats, such as soybean, corn, and alfalfa. Damsel bugs are greyish brown in color and have grasping front legs. They are not commercially available.

To attract Damsel Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Big-eyed Bugs: Big-eyed bugs are small (~3/16 inch long), fast moving true bugs. They are generalist predators and are most commonly seen on the ground or in shorter growing plants. They prey on aphids, small caterpillars and caterpillar eggs, fleahoppers, lygus bugs, mites, thrips, whiteflies. They are distinguished by their very large eyes which are as broad as the width of their body. Big-eyed bugs are not available commercially.

To attract Big-eyed bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Minute Pirate Bugs: Minute pirate bugs are very small (~1/12 inch long) predators that are difficult to see without a hand lens or jeweler’s loupe. They are generalist predators that feed on small insect prey. Both the nymphs and adults are predaceous. The adults are identified by the black and white color and an X pattern across the back. The nymphs are tiny and red to orange in color. Minute pirate bugs are commercially available.

To attract Minute Pirate Bugs to your garden you will need to grow: Caraway (Carum carvi), Cosmos “white sensation” (Cosmos bipinnatus), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Peter Pan Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and Marigold “lemon gem” (Tagetes tenuifolia).

Lacewings: Green lacewings are common generalist predators that feed on aphids. Brown lacewings are slightly smaller. Some species of adult lacewings are predaceous while the larvae are very active predators that feed on soft-bodied prey such as mites, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies, and pest eggs. Lacewings in nearly all life stages are commercially available.

To attract Lacewings to your garden you will need to grow: Fern-leaf yarrow (Achillea ﬁlipendulina), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Angelica (Angelica gigas), Golden marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria), Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), Caraway (Carum carvi), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cosmos white sensation (Cosmos bipinnatus), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Prairie sunﬂower (Helianthus maximilianii), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Dandelion (Taraxacum ofﬁcinale).

Parasitic Wasps: There are several species of parasitoid wasps that parasitize aphids specifically. Parasitic wasps that specialize on aphids are very small (~1/8 inch long) and female wasps have a modified stinger for depositing eggs. The egg is injected into an aphid where the larva develops inside. Parasitized aphids are a light tan to gold color and have a bulbous look. A circular cut out on the rearend of the aphid indicates adult wasp emergence. Parasitic wasps are commercially available but there are abundant populations in the environment.

Hornets, Paper Wasps, Yellow Jackets: Although hornets, paper wasps and yellow jackets are often considered a nuisance, they are predators of soft-bodied insects. They do not typically sting humans unless they are disturbed. If their nests are not in an area likely to be disturbed by people then it is not a bad idea to leave them alone.

Nutrition

A good source of vitamin C and potassium. It has the same valuable anti-cancer properties as the other Brassicas.

The Health Benefits of Cauliflower

Besides the delicious savory taste, cauliflower offers great nutritional value that can be attributed to the presence of power-packed phytochemicals that help in fighting various diseases and promote stronger immunity, while aiding in the maintenance of a clean system.

Antioxidant Capacity: Brassica vegetables, such as cauliflower, contain vitamin C, manganese, and other potent antioxidants that help in imparting nourishment across a wide array of healthful categories. Cauliflower also contains phytochemicals, called indoles and glucosinates, namely glucobrassicin, glucoraphanin and gluconasturtiian. These healthful components stimulate cancer-blocking enzymes and protect the body cells from the oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals.

Cardiovascular Health: Cauliflower contains vitamin K, which possesses anti-inflammatory qualities. Regular consumption of cauliflower ensures healthy blood circulation and helps in maintaining the blood vessels, which can be attributed to the presence of glucoraphanin. Glucoraphanin is converted to isothiocyanates that activate anti-inflammatory activities and prevent the accumulation of lipids in the blood vessels. This aids in the unobstructed flow of blood, which reduces the risk of conditions like atherosclerosis and promotes cardiovascular health. Isothiocyanate, indole-3-carbinol, or I3C is an anti-inflammatory component that functions at the genetic level and inhibits the instigation of inflammatory activities at an early stage. As supported by various studies, indoles have been proven to be effective on the synthesis of lipids, the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and in maintaining cardiovascular health. Research has also proved that the anti-thrombotic and anti-platelet function of Indole-3 –carbinol contributes significantly towards a healthy heart. The omega-3 present in the form of alpha-lenolenic acids in cauliflower also contributes to this beneficial activity.

Stomach Disorders: Cauliflower is a source of dietary fiber that aids in digestion and promotes the elimination of toxins from the body. The presence of glucosinolate, glucoraphanin and sulforaphane in cauliflower protects the stomach lining and helps in resisting the growth of Heliobacter pylori bacteria. In addition to this defense mechanism, dietary isothiocyanates in cauliflower prevent the risk of various abdominal disorders such as stomach ulcers and colon cancer.

Respiratory Papillomatosis: Cauliflower contains indole-3-carbinol, which is effective in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Respiratory papillomatosis is a disease caused by the human papilloma virus that affects the vocal cords in the larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchi. Studies have shown that increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower, aids in reducing the severity of respiratory papillomatosis.

Cancer: Cauliflower contains glucosinolates, which break down to provide healthful compounds such as sulforaphane and isothiocyanates, called indole-3 carbinol. Studies have shown that these compounds have chemopreventive and anti-estrogen effects that help in hampering the growth of cancer cells. Research has provided supporting evidence for the fact that consumption of brassica vegetables such as cauliflower assists in reducing the risk of various types of cancers such as lung cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer.

Bone Health: Cauliflower contains vitamin C, which plays an important role in the production of collagen, which protects the joints and bones from inflammatory damage. Also, it contains vitamin K, which may help in preventing bone loss in both men and women.

Macular Degeneration: Cauliflower is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, so it may also be effective in reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which can lead to blindness, particularly in the elderly. The sulforaphane present in cauliflower protects the retinal tissues from damage caused by the oxidative stress, prevents vision impairment and various eye ailments such as cataracts.

Detoxification: Inclusion of cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower is extremely important for the body’s detox system. Cauliflower contains Indole-3-carbinol, a phytonutrient that, along with sulforaphane, helps in activating and regulating the function of detoxifying enzymes.

Ultraviolet Radiation: Research studies have shown that the sulforaphane present in cauliflower is effective in protecting the skin against the damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. The protective action of sulforaphane defends the body against inflammations, skin cancer, UV-induced erythema, and cellular damage.

Neurodegenerative Disorders: The sulforaphane and indoles present in cauliflower play a key role in reducing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. They activate the detoxification enzymes, which elevates the level of glutathione and helps in treating the neuronal injuries caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Hypertension and Cholesterol: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the glucoraphanin and sulforaphane present in cauliflower help in reducing the oxidative stress, along with the levels of LDL and total cholesterol. It also promotes the stimulation of HDL cholesterol and lowers the blood pressure. In addition to this, the fiber and omega-3 fatty acid present in cauliflower also aids in the reduction of bad cholesterol and prevents hardening of the arteries.

Electrolyte Balance: Cauliflower contains potassium, which is one of the major electrolytes in the body. The potassium content helps in maintaining the electrolyte balance in the body, which is essential for the functioning of the nervous system in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions.

Immune System: Cauliflower is rich in antioxidants and immune-strengthening nutrients. Along with other healthful components, the presence of vitamin C in the cauliflower helps in preventing various kinds of infections and strengthens the defense mechanisms of the body by hampering the growth of disease-causing inflammation.

Obesity: Cauliflower contains healthful components such as indoles, which possess anti-obesity effects. Studies have supported the fact that consumption of cauliflower is beneficial in preventing various inflammation and metabolic disorders in the body. It also helps in the stimulation of fat-burning thermogenesis and prevents obesity.

Pregnancy: Inclusion of cauliflower in the diet is beneficial during pregnancy due to the presence of essential folate, which helps in healthy neural development of the baby. Cauliflower also has various other essential vitamins and minerals, including fiber, which promote overall health.

Brain and Cellular Health: Cauliflower contains choline and phosphorous, which are both effective in the repairing of cell membranes. This is essential for the efficient functioning of the brain and nervous system for transmitting nerve signals. In addition to this, the presence of potassium and vitamin B-6 in the cauliflower also plays an important role in maintaining brain health and promoting proper communication in the nerves by producing a range of required neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine.

Diabetes: The regular intake of cauliflower helps in reducing the risk of diabetes due to the presence of vitamin C and potassium. The potassium content in cauliflower helps in regulating glucose metabolism. It is also utilized by the pancreas for secreting the insulin hormone for taking action against the raised levels of blood sugar in the body. Low levels of potassium in the body can eventually elevate the levels of blood glucose and pose a major threat for diabetics. In addition to this, studies have supported that the vitamin B-6 present in cauliflower is also effective in enhancing the tolerance of glucose in patients with gestational diabetes.

Colitis: Studies have suggested that extracts from cauliflower exert anti-inflammatory effects on the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. This protective effect can be attributed to the presence of phenethylisothiocyanate, which exerts a healing effect on the damage that has occurred in colon tissues and the colon epithelium.

Stroke: Research suggests that the consumption of white flesh fruits and vegetables such as cauliflower helps in reducing the risk of stroke, due to the presence of the compound allicin, which also aids in the cleansing of the liver and the blood.

Culinary Usage: Cauliflower is a versatile vegetable that can fit smartly in the menu as a side dish or in a main course in diverse cuisines all across the world. It can be lightly steamed or microwaved or it can be combined with other vegetables such as potatoes and peas for a delicious stir fry. Cauliflower can also be added to soups or can be shredded and used as a stuffing in the paranthas (stuffed Indian bread).

A Word of Caution:
Drug interactions:
Warfarin: Cauliflower is rich in vitamin K, which is utilized by the body for normal blood clotting. It can interact and reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants like warfarin and coumadin which are prescribed to prevent the clotting of blood in the body. If taking anticoagulant drugs, it is always advisable to discuss the dietary intake of foods rich in vitamin K such as cauliflower with a health professional.

Side Effects:
Gas: Cauliflower contains complex carbohydrates that do not get broken down entirely in the digestive tract. These carbohydrates are fed upon by intestinal bacteria. This can sometimes result in bloating and the release of odorous gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Purines: Cauliflower contains purines, which can cause various health concerns if consumed in excess. Purines break down to form uric acid and the excessive intake of purine-rich foods can lead to a build up of uric acid in the body. This can further pave the way for uric acid-related problems such as kidney stones and gout. It is advisable for people with such complications to limit their intake of purine-rich foods like cauliflower.

Anaphylaxis: Cauliflower may prompt anaphylaxis in some people, which means causing a severe bodily allergic reaction to a substance. Warning signs of such allergic reactions include swelling in certain body parts, itching, dyspnea, and breathing complications. It is always advisable to discontinue the usage of cauliflower in the occurrence of such critical symptoms and seek medical attention immediately.

Source

An extract of the seeds inactivates the bacteria that causes black rot.

Suggested Varieties

Amaranth: Love Lies Bleeding (Heirloom) (Amaranthus caudatus)

$1.00 - $5.60

As a decorative flower, Love-Lies-Bleeding grew in many Victorian English gardens; in the language of flowers, it represents hopeless love. In addition to producing lovely flowers, Love-Lies-Bleeding is a form of the grain-producing plant known as amaranth. A staple grain for the Aztecs and Incas, amaranth was referred to as the "golden grain of the gods" and used in religious rituals. The plant nearly died out when the Spanish Conquistadors declared their religious practices barbaric, and made growing amaranth a capital offense. Today, both the leaves and the seeds of amaranth are an important food source in many parts of the world. This unique grain provides an impressive amount of vitamins and minerals, as well as being very rich in protein.